Share Latest Apr-2026 AB-AbdomenTest Practice Test Questions, Exam Dumps
Positive Aspects of Valid Dumps AB-Abdomen Exam Dumps!
NEW QUESTION # 17
Which thyroid condition is most likely caused by a viral infection?
- A. De Quervain
- B. Graves
- C. Hashimoto
- D. Abscess
Answer: A
Explanation:
De Quervain thyroiditis (subacute granulomatous thyroiditis) is often triggered by a viral infection. Patients may present with painful thyroid enlargement, elevated inflammatory markers, and transient hyperthyroidism.
Hashimoto's and Graves' diseases are autoimmune in nature.
According to Braverman's The Thyroid:
"Subacute (De Quervain) thyroiditis typically follows a viral upper respiratory tract infection and is characterized by thyroid pain and transient thyrotoxicosis." Reference:
Braverman LE, Cooper DS. The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text. 11th ed. Wolters Kluwer, 2021.
American Thyroid Association Guidelines, 2016.
NEW QUESTION # 18
Which vascular condition is most likely associated with the sonographic findings demonstrated in this image?
- A. Splenic artery aneurysm
- B. Median arcuate ligament syndrome
- C. Recanalized umbilical vein
- D. Budd-Chiari syndrome
Answer: C
Explanation:
The ultrasound image demonstrates a tubular, anechoic structure coursing anterior to the left portal vein and heading toward the anterior abdominal wall. This is consistent with a recanalized umbilical vein, which is an important collateral pathway that reopens in cases of portal hypertension.
Normally, the umbilical vein becomes obliterated after birth and forms the ligamentum teres. However, in the setting of significant portal hypertension, the umbilical vein may recanalize and serve as a collateral route to decompress the portal system.
Sonographic features of a recanalized umbilical vein:
* Anechoic, tubular structure in the ligamentum teres fissure
* Seen anterior to the left portal vein
* Color Doppler confirms hepatofugal venous flow
* Associated with signs of portal hypertension (e.g., splenomegaly, varices) Differentiation from other options:
* A. Budd-Chiari syndrome: Involves hepatic vein outflow obstruction; ultrasound shows absent or narrowed hepatic veins and may have caudate lobe hypertrophy.
* B. Splenic artery aneurysm: Typically visualized near the splenic hilum as a pulsatile cystic mass; Doppler shows arterial flow.
* D. Median arcuate ligament syndrome: Involves compression of the celiac axis; best assessed with Doppler showing elevated velocities on expiration.
References:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th Edition. Elsevier, 2018.
Chapter: Portal Hypertension and Collaterals, pp. 101-104.
American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM). Practice Parameter for the Performance of a Vascular Ultrasound Examination, 2020.
Radiopaedia.org. Recanalized umbilical vein: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/recanalised-umbilical-vein
NEW QUESTION # 19
Which diagnosis is most accurate based on the findings in this image from an adult patient?
- A. Transitional cell carcinoma
- B. Renal cell carcinoma
- C. Nephroblastoma
- D. Clear cell carcinoma
Answer: B
Explanation:
The ultrasound images (sagittal and transverse views of the left kidney) demonstrate a large, well-defined, heterogeneous mass within the renal parenchyma. This is highly characteristic of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the most common primary renal malignancy in adults.
Renal cell carcinoma accounts for approximately 85% of all malignant renal tumors in adults. RCC often appears as:
* A solid, heterogeneous, hypoechoic to isoechoic mass within the kidney
* May contain areas of necrosis or hemorrhage (seen as mixed echogenicity)
* Distortion of the normal renal contour
* May have internal vascularity on Doppler imaging
Clear cell carcinoma (choice B) is the most common histological subtype of RCC but is not a separate diagnosis from RCC in imaging terms. Therefore, the most accurate answer is choice C: Renal cell carcinoma.
Differentiation from other options:
* A. Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor): A pediatric renal tumor, typically seen in children under 5 years of age-not applicable in adults.
* B. Clear cell carcinoma: Histological subtype of RCC, not a distinct radiologic diagnosis.
* D. Transitional cell carcinoma: Arises from the renal pelvis or ureter, typically appears as a central or collecting system mass rather than a cortical/parenchymal one.
References:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th Edition. Elsevier, 2018.
Chapter: Kidneys, pp. 215-222.
Radiopaedia.org. Renal cell carcinoma: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/renal-cell-carcinoma American College of Radiology (ACR) Appropriateness Criteria - Hematuria, 2022.
NEW QUESTION # 20
Which parameter is most likely increased distal to a renal artery stenosis?
- A. Acceleration time
- B. Resistive index
- C. Pulsatility index
- D. Spectral broadening
Answer: A
Explanation:
Downstream from a significant renal artery stenosis, the acceleration time is prolonged due to delayed systolic upstroke ("tardus-parvus waveform"). This is a sensitive Doppler parameter for detecting hemodynamically significant stenosis. Spectral broadening usually occurs at the stenotic site, not distal to it.
According to Zwiebel's Introduction to Vascular Ultrasound:
"Prolonged acceleration time and reduced acceleration index characterize tardus-parvus waveforms distal to renal artery stenosis." Reference:
Zwiebel WJ, Pellerito JS. Introduction to Vascular Ultrasound. 6th ed. Elsevier, 2019.
AIUM Practice Parameter for Renal Artery Duplex Doppler Ultrasound, 2020.
NEW QUESTION # 21
Which sonographic finding is most consistent with this image of the abdominal aorta?
- A. Occlusion
- B. Stenosis
- C. Dissection
- D. Aneurysm
Answer: D
Explanation:
The ultrasound image provided shows a transverse view of the abdominal aorta, with a clearly measured aortic diameter of 5.71 cm. A normal adult abdominal aorta should measure less than 3.0 cm in anterior- posterior diameter. Any measurement exceeding this threshold is defined as an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA).
In this case, the dilation is well beyond the 3.0 cm threshold, confirming the presence of an aneurysm. The rounded, anechoic/heterogeneous central lumen surrounded by echogenic arterial wall layers further supports this diagnosis.
Comparison of answer choices:
* A. Stenosis: Would show a narrowed lumen with turbulent, aliasing flow on Doppler, not a dilated aorta.
* B. Dissection: Typically shows an echogenic intimal flap separating true and false lumens; no flap is visible here.
* C. Aneurysm: Correct. The aorta's transverse diameter (5.71 cm) confirms the presence of an aneurysm.
* D. Occlusion: Would appear as a lack of flow with thrombus or echogenic content filling the lumen, not dilation.
References:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound, 5th ed. Elsevier; 2017.
Society for Vascular Surgery Guidelines: Management of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (Chaikof et al., J Vasc Surg, 2018).
Hagen-Ansert SL. Textbook of Diagnostic Sonography, 8th ed. Elsevier; 2017.
NEW QUESTION # 22
Which finding is most likely demonstrated in this image?
- A. Hydropic gallbladder
- B. Ascites
- C. Hemoperitoneum
- D. Bowel obstruction
Answer: B
Explanation:
The ultrasound image shows an anechoic (black) fluid collection in the perihepatic and perirenal spaces. The fluid outlines the liver (LIV) and right kidney (RK), which is characteristic of free fluid in the peritoneal cavity - consistent with ascites.
Sonographic features of ascites:
* Anechoic (or hypoechoic) fluid in dependent areas of the abdomen
* Seen surrounding the liver, spleen, and intestines
* Can be free-flowing or loculated
* Bowel loops may be floating or displaced centrally
This image is consistent with a typical finding of ascites: free fluid in Morison's pouch (hepatorenal recess), a common site for fluid accumulation.
Differentiation from other options:
* A. Hydropic gallbladder: Refers to an enlarged gallbladder filled with clear bile; not visible in this image.
* B. Hemoperitoneum: May appear similar to ascites, but usually has complex echogenicity or layering if acute; clinical context (trauma, bleeding) is essential for diagnosis.
* C. Bowel obstruction: Would show dilated, fluid-filled bowel loops with peristalsis or to-and-fro motion, not evident here.
References:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th Edition. Elsevier, 2018.
Chapter: Peritoneal Cavity and Abdominal Trauma, pp. 125-130.
American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM). Practice Parameter for the Performance of a Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) Examination, 2020.
Radiopaedia.org. Ascites (ultrasound): https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ascites-ultrasound
NEW QUESTION # 23
Which condition is characterized by abnormal dilatation of veins of the pampiniform plexus and most commonly affects the left testicle?
- A. Hematocele
- B. Spermatocele
- C. Hydrocele
- D. Varicocele
Answer: D
Explanation:
A varicocele is an abnormal dilatation of the pampiniform plexus veins, usually seen on the left side due to the perpendicular insertion of the left testicular vein into the left renal vein, making it more susceptible to elevated venous pressure. Sonographically, varicoceles appear as multiple serpiginous anechoic tubular structures that show venous flow on color Doppler, often accentuated with Valsalva maneuver.
Hydrocele (A) is a fluid collection surrounding the testis.
Hematocele (C) is blood within the tunica vaginalis.
Spermatocele (D) is a cystic lesion arising from the epididymis.
Reference Extracts:
Dogra VS, Bhatt S. "Sonographic evaluation of testicular varicoceles." Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine.
2004;23(6): 829-838.
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th ed. Elsevier, 2017.
-
NEW QUESTION # 24
Which type of choledochal cyst is the most common?
- A. Type III: Duodenal choledochocele
- B. Type I: Fusiform dilatation of the common bile duct
- C. Type IV: Multiple cystic dilatations of the hepatic ducts
- D. Type II: Diverticula extending off of the common bile duct
Answer: B
Explanation:
Type I choledochal cyst, characterized by fusiform dilatation of the common bile duct, is the most common form, accounting for 80-90% of cases. Other types are much less frequent.
According to Rumack's Diagnostic Ultrasound:
"Type I fusiform dilatation of the extrahepatic bile duct is the most common type of choledochal cyst." Reference:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th ed. Elsevier, 2017.
AIUM Practice Parameter for Hepatobiliary Ultrasound, 2020.
-
NEW QUESTION # 25
Which condition is most consistent with thinning of the renal cortex, reduction in renal length, and prominence of the renal sinus fat in a patient presenting four months after renal transplant with slightly reduced renal function?
- A. Acute rejection
- B. Arterial stricture
- C. Normal findings
- D. Chronic rejection
Answer: D
Explanation:
Chronic rejection presents sonographically as cortical thinning, decreased renal size, and increased echogenicity of the renal sinus fat. Acute rejection typically causes an enlarged, edematous kidney with increased parenchymal echogenicity but preserved size early on.
According to Zwiebel's Introduction to Vascular Ultrasound:
"In chronic rejection, the allograft becomes smaller with cortical thinning, increased echogenicity, and prominence of the central sinus fat." Reference:
Zwiebel WJ, Pellerito JS. Introduction to Vascular Ultrasound. 6th ed. Elsevier, 2019.
AIUM Practice Parameter for Renal Transplant Ultrasound, 2020.
-
NEW QUESTION # 26
Which finding is indicated by the arrow in this image of the right upper quadrant?
- A. Mirror image
- B. Pleural effusion
- C. Ascites
- D. Retroperitoneal hemorrhage
Answer: B
Explanation:
The image provided is a right upper quadrant (RUQ) ultrasound-typically performed during a FAST (Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma) exam or for abdominal assessment. The arrow points to an anechoic (black) fluid collection seen above the diaphragm and posterior to the liver.
This fluid collection lies within the thoracic cavity, confirming the diagnosis of a pleural effusion. Pleural effusions are seen sonographically as an anechoic or hypoechoic area superior to the diaphragm in the thoracic cavity and often appear triangular or crescent-shaped. The diaphragm is visualized as a curvilinear echogenic structure separating the liver (or spleen) below from the lung space above.
Comparison of answer choices:
* A. Retroperitoneal hemorrhage would be seen in the posterior abdomen, not above the diaphragm.
* B. Pleural effusion is correct-anechoic fluid above the diaphragm is classic for this condition.
* C. Mirror image artifact occurs when liver echoes are mirrored across the diaphragm and lung-this is not a mirror artifact.
* D. Ascites collects inferior to the diaphragm and around the abdominal organs, not in the thoracic cavity.
References:
Ma OJ, Mateer JR, Blaivas M. Emergency Ultrasound, 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill; 2014.
Moore CL, Copel JA. Point-of-care ultrasonography. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(8):749-757.
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound, 5th ed. Elsevier; 2017.
NEW QUESTION # 27
Which normal anatomical structure is also known as the accessory pancreatic duct?
- A. Duct of Santorini
- B. Common pancreatic duct
- C. Duct of Wirsung
- D. Duct of Vater
Answer: A
Explanation:
The Duct of Santorini is the accessory pancreatic duct that drains the superior portion of the pancreatic head into the minor duodenal papilla. The main pancreatic duct (Duct of Wirsung) drains into the major papilla, often joining the common bile duct at the Ampulla of Vater.
According to Moore's Clinically Oriented Anatomy:
"The accessory pancreatic duct (Duct of Santorini) may be present and drains into the minor duodenal papilla." Reference:
Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 8th ed. Wolters Kluwer, 2018.
Gray's Anatomy for Students, 4th ed., Elsevier, 2019.
-
NEW QUESTION # 28
Which vessel is most likely to display hepatofugal flow in the presence of portal hypertension?
- A. Coronary vein
- B. Inferior vena cava
- C. Inferior epigastric vein
- D. Splenic vein
Answer: A
Explanation:
The coronary vein (left gastric vein) is a common collateral pathway in portal hypertension. It often becomes dilated and may demonstrate hepatofugal (reversed) flow as blood diverts from the high-pressure portal system into systemic collaterals.
According to Zwiebel's Introduction to Vascular Ultrasound:
"The left gastric (coronary) vein is a frequent site of hepatofugal flow in portal hypertension, reflecting collateral development." Reference:
Zwiebel WJ, Pellerito JS. Introduction to Vascular Ultrasound. 6th ed. Elsevier, 2019.
AIUM Practice Parameter for Portal Venous Doppler Ultrasound, 2020.
NEW QUESTION # 29
Which condition is demonstrated in this image?
- A. Hydronephrosis
- B. Pyloric stenosis
- C. Intussusception
- D. Gastritis
Answer: B
Explanation:
The ultrasound image clearly demonstrates a thickened and elongated pyloric muscle with a visible channel, which is characteristic of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS). This condition is most commonly seen in male infants between 2 and 8 weeks of age who present with non-bilious projectile vomiting, dehydration, and a palpable "olive-like" mass in the right upper quadrant.
Ultrasound is the imaging modality of choice and is highly sensitive and specific for diagnosing pyloric stenosis.
Key sonographic criteria for HPS:
* Muscle thickness >3 mm
* Pyloric channel length >15-17 mm
* "Target sign" or "doughnut sign" on transverse imaging (concentric rings)
* "Cervix" or "railroad track sign" on longitudinal imaging (elongated canal with echogenic center) Differentiation from other options:
* A. Intussusception: Also shows a target sign, but it occurs in the right lower quadrant or periumbilical region, not in the gastric antrum.
* C. Hydronephrosis: Refers to dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces - not gastrointestinal.
* D. Gastritis: May show gastric wall thickening but lacks the distinct elongated, thickened pyloric muscle seen here.
References:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th Edition. Elsevier, 2018.
Chapter: Gastrointestinal Tract, pp. 474-479.
American College of Radiology (ACR) Appropriateness Criteria - Vomiting in Infants Up to 3 Months of Age.
AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of a Pediatric Abdominal Ultrasound Examination, 2020.
NEW QUESTION # 30
Which condition is demonstrated in this image?
- A. Cryptorchidism
- B. Pyocele
- C. Inguinal hernia
- D. Bell clapper deformity
Answer: A
Explanation:
The ultrasound image shows an ovoid, homogeneously hypoechoic soft tissue structure located in the inguinal canal, surrounded by echogenic fat and soft tissue. This is consistent with an undescended testis, also known as cryptorchidism.
Cryptorchidism refers to the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotal sac. On ultrasound, the undescended testis typically appears:
* Ovoid in shape
* Homogeneous and hypoechoic compared to scrotal testis
* Located in the inguinal canal or, less commonly, within the abdomen
* Smaller in size than a normally descended testis
Comparison of answer choices:
* A. Bell clapper deformity refers to an anatomic predisposition for testicular torsion where the tunica vaginalis surrounds the entire testis and epididymis-usually a clinical rather than directly sonographic diagnosis.
* B. Inguinal hernia appears as bowel or omentum within the inguinal canal or scrotum with peristalsis or fat-no bowel loops are seen here.
* C. Pyocele is a complex fluid collection around the testis (usually with septations and internal echoes)- not evident in this image.
* D. Cryptorchidism - Correct. The findings match those of an undescended testis in the inguinal canal.
References:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound, 5th ed. Elsevier; 2017.
Dogra VS, Gottlieb RH, Rubens DJ, Oka M. Sonography of the scrotum. Radiology. 2003;227(1):18-36.
AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of Scrotal Ultrasound Examinations (2021).
NEW QUESTION # 31
Identify the region where Doppler sampling should be performed in a young woman with severe postprandial pain.
Answer:
Explanation:
Explanation:
A ultrasound image of a person's body AI-generated content may be incorrect.
The origin of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA)
The image provided is a color Doppler ultrasound scan of the abdominal aorta and its major branches. In the center of the image, just anterior to the aorta, we see the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) arising in the sagittal plane. This is the critical area for Doppler sampling in a patient with symptoms suggestive of mesenteric ischemia.
Severe postprandial pain in a young woman may be a manifestation of median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS) or chronic mesenteric ischemia. Both of these conditions are assessed via Doppler sampling of mesenteric vessels, specifically:
* The origin and proximal segment of the SMA
* The celiac artery (especially for MALS)
Doppler waveform analysis should assess:
* Peak systolic velocity (PSV): >275 cm/s suggests #70% SMA stenosis
* Angle correction should be aligned properly
* Sampling must be performed at the narrowest origin point (as shown in the image) This type of Doppler interrogation is typically done in both fasting and postprandial states to evaluate changes in flow and symptom correlation.
Why this area?
* The SMA is anterior to the aorta and travels inferiorly into the mesentery.
* The site shown in the image is ideal for measuring PSV and evaluating for stenosis or extrinsic compression.
References:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound, 5th ed. Elsevier; 2017.
Moneta GL, et al. Duplex ultrasound criteria for diagnosis of mesenteric artery stenosis. J Vasc Surg. 1991.
AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of a Mesenteric Artery Duplex Ultrasound Examination (2020).
NEW QUESTION # 32
Where in the neck are most thyroid cancer recurrences found?
- A. Contralateral
- B. Subauricular
- C. Bilateral
- D. Ipsilateral
Answer: D
Explanation:
Most thyroid cancer recurrences are found in the ipsilateral neck-particularly in the central (level VI) or lateral (levels II-V) compartments on the same side as the original malignancy.
According to AIUM Practice Parameters:
"Post-thyroidectomy recurrence most frequently occurs ipsilateral to the original tumor, commonly involving regional lymph nodes." Reference:
AIUM Practice Parameter for Thyroid and Neck Ultrasound, 2020.
American Thyroid Association (ATA) Guidelines for Thyroid Cancer Management, 2015.
NEW QUESTION # 33
Which measurement is the upper limit for a normal gallbladder wall?
- A. 4 mm
- B. 6 mm
- C. 5 mm
- D. 3 mm
Answer: D
Explanation:
The normal gallbladder wall measures up to 3 mm. Thickening beyond 3 mm may suggest cholecystitis, heart failure, hepatitis, or hypoalbuminemia. Measurements should be taken with the patient fasting, using the anterior gallbladder wall.
According to Rumack's Diagnostic Ultrasound:
"The gallbladder wall is considered thickened if it measures greater than 3 mm." Reference:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th ed. Elsevier, 2017.
AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of Gallbladder Ultrasound Examinations, 2020.
-
NEW QUESTION # 34
Which hernia characteristic is demonstrated in these images?
- A. Fat only
- B. Incarcerated
- C. Strangulated
- D. Reducible
Answer: D
Explanation:
The ultrasound images show two views of the same groin region - one without compression (left image labeled "W/O COMPRESSION") and one with graded probe compression (right image labeled "W/ COMPRESSION").
In the non-compression image, a hypoechoic mass-like structure is visible protruding through the abdominal wall, consistent with a hernia sac. On the compression image, the herniated content is no longer visible, indicating that the contents have been pushed back into the abdominal cavity. This is the hallmark feature of a reducible hernia.
Key characteristics of a reducible hernia on ultrasound:
* Herniated contents are visible without pressure.
* Contents disappear or reduce back into the abdomen with graded probe compression or Valsalva release.
* Typically includes omental fat or bowel, but reduction confirms lack of incarceration or strangulation.
Comparison of answer choices:
* A. Fat only refers to the hernia content type, not the behavior or reducibility shown here.
* B. Reducible - Correct. The change in hernia appearance between images demonstrates successful reduction with compression.
* C. Incarcerated hernia would remain visible and not compressible or reducible.
* D. Strangulated hernia would show signs of ischemia (bowel wall thickening, absent perfusion, hyperechoic mesentery), and would also not reduce with compression.
References:
Radswiki. Ultrasound evaluation of hernia. Radiopaedia.org
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound, 5th ed. Elsevier; 2017.
AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of a Focused Ultrasound Examination for Hernia (2021)
NEW QUESTION # 35
......
Practice LATEST AB-Abdomen Exam Updated 165 Questions: https://guidetorrent.dumpstorrent.com/AB-Abdomen-exam-prep.html