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CWNP CWNA-109 Exam Syllabus Topics:
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NEW QUESTION # 70
What statement about the beamwidth of an RF antenna is true?
- A. When antenna gain is lower, the beamwidth is also lower in both the horizontal and vertical dimensions.
- B. Horizontal and vertical beamwidth are calculated at the points where the main lobe decreases power by
3 dB. - C. Vertical beamwidth is displayed (in degrees) on the antenna's Azimuth chart.
- D. The beamwidth patterns on an antenna polar chart indicate the point at which the RF signal stops propagating.
Answer: B
Explanation:
The beamwidth of an RF antenna is the angular measure of how wide the main lobe of radiation is. The main lobe is the area where the signal strength is highest and most concentrated. The beamwidth is calculated at the points where the main lobe decreases power by 3 dB, which means it is half of the maximum power. The beamwidth can be measured in both horizontal and vertical planes, depending on how the antenna is oriented.
The horizontal beamwidth is also called azimuth, while the vertical beamwidth is also called elevation. The beamwidth patterns on an antenna polar chart indicate how the RF energy is distributed in different directions. References: 1, Chapter 2, page 66; 2, Section 2.3
NEW QUESTION # 71
What 802.11 network configuration would result in multiple stations broadcasting Beacon frames with the same BSSID but with different source addresses?
- A. A single AP supports multiple BSSs with different SSIDs.
- B. Multiple APs have been loaded with the same configuration from an image file.
- C. An SCA network is in use.
- D. An IBSS is used instead of a BSS.
Answer: D
Explanation:
An IBSS is used instead of a BSS is a network configuration that would result in multiple stations broadcasting Beacon frames with the same BSSID but with different source addresses. An IBSS (Independent Basic Service Set) is a type of WLAN that does not use an AP but rather allows stations to communicate directly with each other in a peer-to-peer manner. An IBSS is also known as an ad-hoc network or a peer-to-peer network. In an IBSS, each station generates its own Beacon frames to announce its presence and capabilities to other stations within range. The Beacon frames have the same BSSID, which is randomly generated by one of the stations when creating the IBSS, but they have different source addresses, which are the MAC addresses of each station's radio interface. The BSSID is used to identify the IBSS and prevent stations from joining other IBSSs with different BSSIDs. References: , Chapter 1, page 25; , Section 1.1
NEW QUESTION # 72
A non-802.11 device is suspected of causing interference on the WLAN. You are not certain of the location or type of device. What is the best solution for locating this non-802.11 device?
- A. Access point spectrum analyzer
- B. Laptop-based spectrum analyzer with an omni-directional antenna
- C. Laptop-based spectrum analyzer with a directional antenna
- D. Laptop-based spectrum analyzer with an omni-directional antenna
Answer: C
Explanation:
A laptop-based spectrum analyzer with a directional antenna is the best solution for locating a non-802.11 device that is suspected of causing interference on the WLAN. A spectrum analyzer is a device or a software application that can measure and display the frequency spectrum of electromagnetic signals in a given range.
A spectrum analyzer can show the amplitude, frequency, bandwidth, modulation, and other characteristics of different signals in the spectrum, which can help identify their sources and types. A spectrum analyzer can also detect non-802.11 devices that may cause interference on the WLAN, such as microwave ovens, cordless phones, Bluetooth devices, or radar systems. A laptop-based spectrum analyzer is a software application that runs on a laptop computer and uses an external USB adapter as its RF interface. A laptop-based spectrum analyzer has the advantage of being portable, flexible, and cost-effective compared to a hardware-based spectrum analyzer. A directional antenna is an antenna that radiates or receives RF signals more strongly in one direction than in others. A directional antenna has a high gain and a narrow beamwidth, which means it can focus the RF energy in a specific direction and reduce the interference from other directions. A directional antenna can also increase the range and sensitivity of the RF signal detection. To locate a non-802.11 device that is causing interference on the WLAN, a laptop-based spectrum analyzer with a directional antenna can be used to perform a technique called RF hunting or triangulation. This technique involves pointing the directional antenna in different directions and observing the signal strength and characteristics of the interfering device on the spectrum analyzer. By moving around and changing the direction of the antenna, the location of the interfering device can be estimated based on where the signal strength is highest and most consistent. References: 1, Chapter 7, page 282; 2, Section 4.3
NEW QUESTION # 73
You have received a report of poor wireless connections on the third floor of a building under your administration. Three individuals have reported the problem. Apparently, the connections are reporting a strong signal, but the users cannot access the Internet. With the problem identified, what is the next logical step in the troubleshooting process?
- A. Verify the solution
- B. Create a plan of action or escalate the problem
- C. Perform corrective actions
- D. Discover the scale of the problem
Answer: D
Explanation:
Discovering the scale of the problem is the next logical step in the troubleshooting process after identifying the problem of poor wireless connections on the third floor of a building under your administration.
Troubleshooting is a systematic process of finding and resolving problems or issues in a network or a system.
Troubleshooting usually follows a general methodology that consists of several steps or phases, such as:
* Identifying the problem: This step involves defining and describing the problem clearly and accurately based on the symptoms and evidence observed or reported by users or administrators. For example, in this case, the problem is that three individuals have reported poor wireless connections on the third floor of a building.
* Discovering the scale of the problem: This step involves determining how widespread and severe the problem is by gathering more information anddata from different sources and perspectives. For example, in this case, this step could involve checking if other users or devices on the third floor or other floors are experiencing similar issues, verifying if there are any changes or updates in the network configuration or environment that could affect the wireless connections, testing if there are any differences in performance or quality between different access points or channels on the third floor, etc.
* Performing corrective actions: This step involves applying possible solutions or fixes to resolve or mitigate the problem based on logical reasoning and analysis. For example, in this case, this step could involve adjusting the output power or channel assignment of the access points on the third floor, relocating or reorienting some access points or antennas to improve coverage or reduce interference, updating or replacing some faulty or outdated hardware or software components, etc.
* Verifying the solution: This step involves confirming that the problem is solved or improved by testing and monitoring the network performance and user satisfaction after applying corrective actions. For example, in this case, this step could involve measuring and comparing the signal strength and throughput of wireless connections on the third floor before and after performing corrective actions, asking for feedback from users who reported poor wireless connections to see if their issues are resolved or reduced, etc.
* Creating a plan of action or escalating the problem: This step involves documenting and reporting the problem and its solution for future reference and improvement purposes. It also involves deciding whether to close or escalate the problem depending on its status and severity. For example, in this case, this step could involve creating a report that summarizes what was done to troubleshoot and fix poor wireless connections on the third floor with relevant data and evidence to support it. It could also involve escalating poor wireless connections to higher-level administrators if they persist or worsen despite performing corrective actions.
References: 1, Chapter 12, page
NEW QUESTION # 74
You administer a small WLAN with nine access point. As a small business, you do not rum a RADIUS server and use WPA2-Personal for security. Recently, you changed the passphrase for WPA2-personal in all Aps and clients. Several users are now reporting the inability to connect to the network at time and it is constrained to one area of the building. When using scanner, you see that the AP covering that area is online
- A. The AP that covers the problem area is improperly configured
- B. The AP that covers the problem area requires a firmware update
- C. The clients are improperly configured
- D. The AP that covers the problem area has failed
Answer: C
Explanation:
This is because the passphrase for WPA2-Personal is case-sensitive and must match exactly on both the AP and the client. If the passphrase is entered incorrectly on the client, the client will not be able to authenticate with the AP and connect to the network. The AP that covers the problem area is not likely to require a firmware update, fail, or be improperly configured, as it is online and works with other clients that have the correct passphrase. To troubleshoot this issue, you can check the passphrase settings on the clients and make sure they matchwith the AP. You can also try to reconnect the clients to the network or reboot them if necessary. For more information on how to configure WPA2-Personal on your router
NEW QUESTION # 75
Which one of the following is not a factor considered when calculating the Link Budget for an outdoor point-to- point WLAN bridge link?
- A. Transmit power
- B. Receive antenna gain
- C. Operating frequency
- D. MU-MIMO capabilities of the bridges
Answer: D
Explanation:
MU-MIMO capabilities of the bridges are not a factor considered when calculating the Link Budget for an outdoor point-to-point WLAN bridge link. The Link Budget is acalculation of the expected signal strength at the receiver based on various factors that affect the RF transmission. Some of these factors are operating frequency, transmit power, receive antenna gain, free space path loss, cable loss, connector loss, and environmental loss. MU-MIMO stands for Multi-User Multiple Input Multiple Output, which is a technology that allows multiple devices to communicate simultaneously using multiple spatial streams. MU-MIMO is not relevant for a point-to-point link, where there are only two devices involved. References: 1, Chapter 2, page
59; 2, Section 2.2
NEW QUESTION # 76
What statement about 802.3, Clause 33 Power over Ethernet is true?
- A. Only midspan PSEs are supported.
- B. Only endpoint PSEs are supported.
- C. When using CAT5 cabling, you increase the maximum draw available to the PD over that available with CAT6.
- D. The lowest voltage drop is achieved when using CAT6 cable instead of Cat5 or CAT5e.
Answer: D
Explanation:
https://www.cablinginstall.com/articles/2012/08/cat-6a-vs-cat-5e-poe.html The statement that the lowest voltage drop is achieved when using CAT6 cable instead of Cat5 or CAT5e is true about 802.3, Clause 33 Power over Ethernet. Power over Ethernet (PoE) is a technology that allows electrical power to be delivered over Ethernet cables along with data signals. PoE is defined by IEEE 802.3, Clause 33 and has several variants, such as PoE (802.3af), PoE+ (802.3at), and PoE++ (802.3bt). PoE works by using a device called PSE (Power Sourcing Equipment) that injects power into the Ethernet cable and a device called PD (Powered Device) that receives power from the Ethernet cable. The PSE can be either an endpoint device, such as a switch or a router, or a midspan device, such as an injector or a splitter, that is inserted between two Ethernet devices. The PD can be any device that requires power, such as an access point, a camera, or a phone.
One of the factors that affects PoE performance is voltage drop, which is the reduction of voltage that occurs as current flows through a cable due to its resistance. Voltage drop can cause power loss and inefficiency in PoE systems, as well as damage to PDs if the voltage falls below their minimum requirement. To minimize voltage drop, it is recommended to use high-quality cables with low resistance and short length. Among the common types of Ethernet cables, CAT6 has the lowest resistance and therefore the lowest voltage drop compared to Cat5 or CAT5e. CAT6 also has higher bandwidth and data rate than Cat5 or CAT5e, making it more suitable for PoE applications. References: 1, Chapter 7, page 263; 2, Section 4.4
NEW QUESTION # 77
A dual-band 802.11ac AP must be powered by PoE. As a class 4 device, what power level should be received at the AP?
- A. 15.4 W
- B. 25.5 W
- C. 30 W
- D. 12.95 W
Answer: B
Explanation:
PoE has different standards that define different power levels for PSEs and PDs. The original standard, IEEE
802.3af, defines two classes of PSEs: Class 3 (15.4 W) and Class 4 (30 W). The newer standard, IEEE 802.3at, also known as PoE+, defines four classes of PSEs: Class 0 (15.4 W), Class 1 (4 W), Class 2 (7 W), and Class 3 (12.95 W). The power level received at the PD is always lower than the power level provided by the PSE, due to cable resistance and power dissipation. The IEEE standards specify the minimum power level that must be received at the PD for each class of PSE. For a Class 4 PSE, the minimum power level received at the PD is
25.5 W910. References: CWNA-109 Study Guide, Chapter 7: Power over Ethernet (PoE), page
295; CWNA-109Study Guide, Chapter 7: Power over Ethernet (PoE), page 289.
NEW QUESTION # 78
You administer a WLAN that offers a guest SSID of GUESTNWORK. Users connect to the GUESTNWORK SSID, but report that they cannot browse the Internet. The devices simply report no Internet connection. What common problem causes this scenario?
- A. Hardware issues
- B. IP routing issues
- C. Captive portal issues
- D. NTP issues
Answer: C
Explanation:
A common problem that causes this scenario is captive portal issues. A captive portal is a web page that requires users to authenticate or accept terms and conditions before accessing the Internet through a WLAN. A captive portal is often used for guest networks to provide security and control over the network access. A captive portal works by intercepting the user's web requests and redirecting them to the portal page until the user completes the required action. However, sometimes the captive portal may not work properly due to various reasons, such as browser settings, firewall rules, DNS configuration, or network errors. This can prevent the user from browsing the Internet or seeing the portal page. To troubleshoot captive portal issues, you can try to use a different browser, clear the browser cache andcookies, disable any VPN or proxy settings, manually enter the portal URL, or contact the network administrator. NTP issues, hardware issues, or IP routing issues are not common problems that cause this scenario. References: [CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page 343; [CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page 333.
NEW QUESTION # 79
When compared with legacy Power Save mode, how does VHT TXOP power save improve battery life for devices on a WLAN?
- A. Legacy Power Save mode was removed in the 802.11ac amendment.
- B. VHT TXOP power save uses the partial AID in the preamble to allow clients to identify frames targeted for them.
- C. VHT TXOP power save allows the WLAN transceiver to disable more components when in a low power state.
- D. VHT TXOP power save allows stations to enter sleep mode and legacy Power Save does not.
Answer: C
Explanation:
VHT TXOP (Very High Throughput Transmit Opportunity) power save is a feature introduced with the
802.11ac amendment, which is designed to improve the power efficiency of devices connected to a WLAN.
This feature enhances battery life in several ways, compared to the legacy Power Save mode:
* Enhanced Power Saving: VHT TXOP power save allows devices to disable more components of the WLAN transceiver when they are in a low power state. This reduces the power consumption during periods when the device is not actively transmitting or receiving data.
* Intelligent Wake-Up Mechanisms: It employs more sophisticated mechanisms for devices to determine when they need to wake up and listen to the channel, further reducing unnecessary power usage.
* Optimized Operation: This power save mode is optimized for the high-throughput environment of
802.11ac networks, allowing devices to efficiently manage power while maintaining high performance.
Legacy Power Save mode, introduced in earlier versions of the 802.11 standards, does not provide the same level of component disablement or the intelligent wake-up mechanisms found in VHT TXOP power save, making option B the correct answer.
References:
IEEE 802.11ac-2013 Amendment: Enhancements for Very High Throughput for Operation in Bands below 6 GHz.
CWNA Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: Exam CWNA-109, by David D.
Coleman and David A. Westcott.
NEW QUESTION # 80
You are troubleshooting a controller-based AP that is unable to locate the controller. DHCP is not use and the controller is located at 10.10.10.81/24 while the AP is on the 10.10.16.0/24 network. What should be inspected to verify proper configuration?
- A. DNS
- B. NTP
- C. BOOTH
- D. AP hosts file
Answer: A
Explanation:
What should be inspected to verify proper configuration is DNS. DNS stands for Domain Name System and is a service that resolves hostnames to IP addresses. In a controller-based AP deployment, DNS can be used to help the AP locate the controller by using a predefined hostname such as CISCO-CAPWAP-CONTROLLER or aruba-master. The AP sends a DNS query for this hostname and receives an IP address of the controller as a response. Therefore, if DNS is not configured properly or if there is no DNS entry for the controller hostname, the AP may not be able to locate the controller. NTP, BOOTP, and AP hosts file are not relevant for this scenario. References: [CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: Exam CWNA-109], page 374; [CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: Exam CWNA-109], page 364.
NEW QUESTION # 81
You manage a WLAN with 100 802.11ac access points. All access points are configured to use 80 MHz channels. In a particular BSS, only 40 MHz communications are seen. What is the likely cause of this behavior?
- A. The AP is improperly configured to use only 40 MHz of the 80 MHz allocated bandwidth
- B. The short guard interval is also enabled
- C. All clients implement single spatial stream radios
- D. The clients are all 802.11n STAs or lower
Answer: D
Explanation:
https://7signal.com/802-11ac-migration-part-2-whats-nobodys-telling-you-about-80mhz-and-160mhz-channel- bonding The clients are all 802.11n STAs or lower is the likely cause of this behavior. If a WLAN with 100 802.11ac access points is configured to use 80 MHz channels, but only 40 MHz communications are seen in a particular BSS, it means that the clients in that BSS do not support 80 MHz channels. This could be because they are using older standards, such as 802.11n or lower, that do not support 80 MHz channels. Alternatively, they could be using newer standards, such as 802.11ac or ax, but have their channel width settings limited to 40 MHz or lower due to device capabilities or configuration options. In either case, the AP will adapt to the client's channel width and use only 40 MHz of the 80 MHz allocated bandwidth to communicate with them.
This will reduce the potential throughput and efficiency of the WLAN. References: , Chapter 3, page 111; , Section 3.2
NEW QUESTION # 82
An 802.11 WLAN transmitter that emits a 50 mW signal is connected to a cable with 3 dB of loss. The cable is connected to an antenna with 16 dBi of gain. What is the power level at the Intentional Radiator?
- A. 500 mW
- B. 25 mW
- C. 250 mW
- D. 1000 mW
Answer: C
Explanation:
The power level at the Intentional Radiator (IR) is 250 mW. The IR is the point where the RF signal leaves the transmitter and enters the antenna system. To calculate the power level at the IR, we need to consider the output power level of the transmitter, the loss of the cable, and the gain of the antenna. The formula is:
Power level at IR (dBm) = Output power level (dBm) - Cable loss (dB) + Antenna gain (dBi) We can convert the output power level of 50 mW to dBm by using the formula:
Power level (dBm) = 10 * log10(Power level (mW))
Therefore, 50 mW = 10 * log10(50) = 16.99 dBm
We can plug in the values into the formula:
Power level at IR (dBm) = 16.99 - 3 + 16 = 29.99 dBm
We can convert the power level at IR from dBm to mW by using the inverse formula:
Power level (mW) = 10^(Power level (dBm) / 10)
Therefore, 29.99 dBm = 10^(29.99 / 10) = 999.96 mW
However, since we need to round off the answer to the nearest integer value, we get:
Power level at IR (mW) = 1000 mW
References: [CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page 67; [CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page
57.
NEW QUESTION # 83
You are configuring an access point to use channel 128. What important fact should be considered about this channel?
- A. It is a channel that is unsupported by all access points in all regulatory domains
- B. It is a 2.4 GHz frequency band 40 MHz channel, so it should not be used
- C. It is a 22 MHz channel so it will overlap with the channels above and below it
- D. It is a channel that may require DFS when used
Answer: D
Explanation:
It is a channel that may require DFS when used is an important fact that should be considered about channel
128. Channel 128 is a 5 GHz frequency band 20 MHz channel that has a center frequency of 5.64 GHz.
Channel 128 is one of the channels that are subject to DFS (Dynamic Frequency Selection) rules, which require Wi-Fi devices to monitor and avoid using channels that are occupied by radar systems or other primary users. DFS is a feature that is defined in the IEEE 802.11h amendment and is mandated by some regulatory bodies, such as the FCC and the ETSI, to protect the licensed users of the 5 GHz band from interference by unlicensed Wi-Fi devices. DFS works by using a mechanism called channel availability check (CAC), which requires Wi-Fi devices to scan a channel for a certain period of time before using it. If a radar signal is detected during the CAC or while using the channel, the Wi-Fi devices must switch to another channel that is free from radar interference.
When configuring an access point to use channel 128, it is important to consider the implications of DFS rules, such as:
* The access point must support DFS and comply with the local regulations and standards that apply to DFS channels.
* The access point may experience delays or interruptions in its operation due to CAC or channel switching.
* The access point may have limited channel selection or availability due to radar interference or other Wi-Fi devices using DFS channels.
* The access point may have compatibility or interoperability issues with some client devices that do not support DFS or use different DFS parameters.
* The access point may have performance or quality issues due to co-channel or adjacent-channel interference from other Wi-Fi devices using non-DFS channels.
Therefore, it is advisable to use channel 128 only when necessary and after performing a thorough site survey and spectrum analysis to determine the best channel for the access point. References: 1, Chapter 3, page
117; 2, Section 3.2
NEW QUESTION # 84
A WLAN is implemented using wireless controllers. The APs must locate the controllers when powered on and connected to the network. Which one of the following methods is commonly used to locate the controllers by the APs?
- A. SNMP
- B. DHCP
- C. NTP
- D. GRE
Answer: B
Explanation:
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a commonly used method to locate the controllers by the APs in a WLAN that is implemented using wireless controllers. DHCP is a protocol that allows a device to obtain an IP address and other network configuration parameters from a server. In a wireless controller scenario, the APs can use DHCP to request an IP address from a DHCP server, which can also provide the IP address or hostname of the wireless controller as an option in the DHCP response. This way, the APs can discover the wireless controller and establish a connection with it. Alternatively, the APs can also use other methods to locate the wireless controller, such as DNS (Domain Name System), broadcast or multicast discovery, or manual configuration. References: 1, Chapter 8, page 309; 2, Section 5.2
NEW QUESTION # 85
When considering data rates available in HT and VHT PHY devices, in addition to the modulation, coding, channel width, and spatial streams, what impacts the data rate according to the MCS tables?
- A. guard interval
- B. Frequency band in use
- C. client drivers
- D. Antenna Height
Answer: A
Explanation:
The guard interval is a short period of time inserted between the symbols of an OFDM signal to prevent inter- symbol interference and improve the robustness of the transmission1. The guard interval can have different values depending on the 802.11 standard and the configuration of the device. For example, 802.11n supports two guard intervals: 800 ns (normal) and 400 ns (short)2. 802.11ac supports the same guard intervals as
802.11n, plus an optional 200 ns guard interval for 80 MHz and 160 MHz channels3. 802.11ax supports three guard intervals: 800 ns, 1600 ns, and 3200 ns4.
The guard interval affects the data rate because it determines the duration of each symbol. A shorter guard interval means more symbols can be transmitted in a given time, resulting in a higher data rate. However, a shorter guard interval also means less protection against inter-symbol interference, which may degrade the signal quality and increase the error rate. Therefore, there is a trade-off between data rate and reliability when choosing the guard interval.
The MCS tables for HT and VHT PHY devices show the data rates for different combinations of modulation, coding, channel width, spatial streams, and guard intervals. For example, for a VHT device using MCS 9 with QAM-256 modulation, 5/6 coding rate, 80 MHz channel width, and one spatial stream, the data rate is 433.3 Mbps with a normal guard interval (800 ns) and 486.7 Mbps with a short guard interval (400 ns)2. Therefore, the guard interval impacts the data rate according to the MCS tables.
NEW QUESTION # 86
You are implementing a VHT-capable AP. Which one of the following channels is available in the
802.11-2016 standard that was not available before the ratification of 802.11 ac?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
Answer: D
Explanation:
Channel 144 is a new channel that was added to the 5 GHz band by the 802.11ac amendment, which defines the VHT (Very High Throughput) PHY for WLANs. Channel 144 has a center frequency of 5720 MHz and a bandwidth of 20 MHz. It can also be combined with adjacent channels to form wider channels of 40 MHz, 80 MHz, or 160 MHz. Channel 144 is available in some regions, such as North America and Europe, but not in others, such as Japan and China . References: [CWNA-109 Study Guide], Chapter 3: Antennas and Accessories, page 121; [CWNA-109Study Guide], Chapter 3: Antennas and Accessories, page 115;
[Wikipedia], List of WLAN channels.
NEW QUESTION # 87
An RF signal sometimes bends as it passes through some material other than free space. What is the term that describes this behavior?
- A. Scattering
- B. Refraction
- C. Warping
- D. Reflection
Answer: B
Explanation:
Refraction is the bending of an RF signal as it passes through a medium with a different density than free space. This can cause the signal to change its direction and speed, which can affect the accuracy and reliability of wireless communication. Refraction is influenced by factors such as temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure12. References: CWNA-109 Study Guide, Chapter 2: Radio Frequency Fundamentals, page 72; CWNA-109 Study Guide, Chapter 2: Radio Frequency Fundamentals, page 67.
NEW QUESTION # 88
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